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                <h1 class="post-title" itemprop="name headline"> [Python3网络爬虫开发实战] 9.5-使用代理爬取微信公众号文章 </h1>
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                <p>前面讲解了代理池的维护和付费代理的相关使用方法，接下来我们进行一下实战演练，利用代理来爬取微信公众号的文章。</p>
                <h3 id="1-本节目标"><a href="#1-本节目标" class="headerlink" title="1. 本节目标"></a>1. 本节目标</h3>
                <p>我们的主要目标是利用代理爬取微信公众号的文章，提取正文、发表日期、公众号等内容，爬取来源是搜狗微信，其链接为 <a href="http://weixin.sogou.com/，然后把爬取结果保存到" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://weixin.sogou.com/，然后把爬取结果保存到</a> MySQL 数据库。</p>
                <h3 id="2-准备工作"><a href="#2-准备工作" class="headerlink" title="2. 准备工作"></a>2. 准备工作</h3>
                <p>首先需要准备并正常运行前文中所介绍的代理池。这里需要用的 Python 库有 aiohttp、requests、redis-py、pyquery、Flask、PyMySQL，如这些库没有安装可以参考第 1 章的安装说明。</p>
                <h3 id="3-爬取分析"><a href="#3-爬取分析" class="headerlink" title="3. 爬取分析"></a>3. 爬取分析</h3>
                <p>搜狗对微信公众平台的公众号和文章做了整合。我们可以通过上面的链接搜索到相关的公众号和文章，例如搜索 NBA，可以搜索到最新的文章，如图 9-21 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-055950.png" alt=""> 图 9-21 搜索结果 点击搜索后，搜索结果的 URL 中其实有很多无关 GET 请求参数，将无关的参数去掉，只保留 type 和 query 参数，例如 <a href="http://weixin.sogou.com/weixin?type=2&amp;query=NBA，搜索关键词为" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://weixin.sogou.com/weixin?type=2&amp;query=NBA，搜索关键词为</a> NBA，类型为 2，2 代表搜索微信文章。 下拉网页，点击下一页即可翻页，如图 9-22 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-060001.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-22 翻页列表 注意，如果没有输入账号登录，那只能看到 10 页的内容，登录之后可以看到 100 页内容，如图 9-23 和图 9-24 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-060006.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-23 不登录的结果 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-060011.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-24 登录后的结果 如果需要爬取更多内容，就需要登录并使用 Cookies 来爬取。 搜狗微信站点的反爬虫能力很强，如连续刷新，站点就会弹出类似如图 9-25 所示的验证。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-060018.png" alt=""> 图 9-25 验证码页面 网络请求出现了 302 跳转，返回状态码为 302，跳转的链接开头为 <a href="http://weixin.sogou.com/antispider/，这很明显就是一个反爬虫的验证页面。所以我们得出结论，如果服务器返回状态码为" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://weixin.sogou.com/antispider/，这很明显就是一个反爬虫的验证页面。所以我们得出结论，如果服务器返回状态码为</a> 302 而非 200，则 IP 访问次数太高，IP 被封禁，此请求就是失败了。 如果遇到这种情况，我们可以选择识别验证码并解封，也可以使用代理直接切换 IP。在这里我们采用第二种方法，使用代理直接跳过这个验证。代理使用上一节所讲的代理池，还需要更改检测的 URL 为搜狗微信的站点。 对于这种反爬能力很强的网站来说，如果我们遇到此种返回状态就需要重试。所以我们采用另一种爬取方式，借助数据库构造一个爬取队列，待爬取的请求都放到队列里，如果请求失败了重新放回队列，就会被重新调度爬取。 在这里我们可以采用 Redis 的队列数据结构，新的请求就加入队列，或者有需要重试的请求也放回队列。调度的时候如果队列不为空，那就把一个个请求取出来执行，得到响应后再进行解析，提取出我们想要的结果。 这次我们采用 MySQL 存储，借助 PyMySQL 库，将爬取结果构造为一个字典，实现动态存储。 综上所述，我们本节实现的功能有如下几点。</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>修改代理池检测链接为搜狗微信站点</li>
                  <li>构造 Redis 爬取队列，用队列实现请求的存取</li>
                  <li>实现异常处理，失败的请求重新加入队列</li>
                  <li>实现翻页和提取文章列表并把对应请求加入队列</li>
                  <li>实现微信文章的信息的提取</li>
                  <li>将提取到的信息保存到 MySQL</li>
                </ul>
                <p>好，那么接下来我们就用代码来实现一下。</p>
                <h3 id="4-构造-Request"><a href="#4-构造-Request" class="headerlink" title="4. 构造 Request"></a>4. 构造 Request</h3>
                <p>既然我们要用队列来存储请求，那么肯定要实现一个请求 Request 的数据结构，这个请求需要包含一些必要信息，如请求链接、请求头、请求方式、超时时间。另外对于某个请求，我们需要实现对应的方法来处理它的响应，所以需要再加一个 Callback 回调函数。每次翻页请求需要代理来实现，所以还需要一个参数 NeedProxy。如果一个请求失败次数太多，那就不再重新请求了，所以还需要加失败次数的记录。 这些字段都需要作为 Request 的一部分，组成一个完整的 Request 对象放入队列去调度，这样从队列获取出来的时候直接执行这个 Request 对象就好了。 我们可以采用继承 reqeusts 库中的 Request 对象的方式来实现这个数据结构。requests 库中已经有了 Request 对象，它将请求 Request 作为一个整体对象去执行，得到响应后再返回。其实 requests 库的 get()、post() 等方法都是通过执行 Request 对象实现的。 我们首先看看 Request 对象的源码：</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> Request(RequestHooksMixin):</span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(<span class="keyword">self</span>,</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="function"><span class="keyword">method</span>=<span class="title">None</span>, <span class="title">url</span>=<span class="title">None</span>, <span class="title">headers</span>=<span class="title">None</span>, <span class="title">files</span>=<span class="title">None</span>, <span class="title">data</span>=<span class="title">None</span>,</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">            <span class="title">params</span>=<span class="title">None</span>, <span class="title">auth</span>=<span class="title">None</span>, <span class="title">cookies</span>=<span class="title">None</span>, <span class="title">hooks</span>=<span class="title">None</span>, <span class="title">json</span>=<span class="title">None</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        # <span class="keyword">Default</span> <span class="keyword">empty</span> dicts <span class="keyword">for</span> dict <span class="keyword">params</span>.</span><br><span class="line">        data = [] <span class="keyword">if</span> data <span class="keyword">is</span> None <span class="keyword">else</span> data</span><br><span class="line">        files = [] <span class="keyword">if</span> files <span class="keyword">is</span> None <span class="keyword">else</span> files</span><br><span class="line">        headers = <span class="comment">&#123;&#125;</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> headers <span class="keyword">is</span> None <span class="keyword">else</span> headers</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">params</span> = <span class="comment">&#123;&#125;</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> <span class="keyword">params</span> <span class="keyword">is</span> None <span class="keyword">else</span> <span class="keyword">params</span></span><br><span class="line">        hooks = <span class="comment">&#123;&#125;</span> <span class="keyword">if</span> hooks <span class="keyword">is</span> None <span class="keyword">else</span> hooks</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span>.hooks = default_hooks()</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> (k, v) <span class="keyword">in</span> list(hooks.items()):</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">self</span>.register_hook(<span class="keyword">event</span>=k, hook=v)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">self</span><span class="function">.<span class="keyword">method</span> = <span class="title">method</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">url</span> = <span class="title">url</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">headers</span> = <span class="title">headers</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">files</span> = <span class="title">files</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">data</span> = <span class="title">data</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">json</span> = <span class="title">json</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">params</span> = <span class="title">params</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">auth</span> = <span class="title">auth</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">cookies</span> = <span class="title">cookies</span></span></span><br></pre>
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                <p>这是 requests 库中 Request 对象的构造方法。这个 Request 已经包含了请求方式、请求链接、请求头这几个属性，但是相比我们需要的还差了几个。我们需要实现一个特定的数据结构，在原先基础上加入上文所提到的额外几个属性。这里我们需要继承 Request 对象重新实现一个请求，将它定义为 WeixinRequest，实现如下：</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre>
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                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">TIMEOUT = <span class="number">10</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests import Request</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">class</span> WeixinRequest(Request):</span><br><span class="line">    def __init__(<span class="keyword">self</span>, url, callback, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">method</span>='<span class="title">GET</span>', <span class="title">headers</span>=<span class="title">None</span>, <span class="title">need_proxy</span>=<span class="title">False</span>, <span class="title">fail_time</span>=0, <span class="title">timeout</span>=<span class="title">TIMEOUT</span>):</span></span><br><span class="line">        Request.__init__(<span class="keyword">self</span>, <span class="function"><span class="keyword">method</span>, <span class="title">url</span>, <span class="title">headers</span>)</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">callback</span> = <span class="title">callback</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">need_proxy</span> = <span class="title">need_proxy</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">fail_time</span> = <span class="title">fail_time</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function">        <span class="title">self</span>.<span class="title">timeout</span> = <span class="title">timeout</span></span></span><br></pre>
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                </figure>
                <p>在这里我们实现了 WeixinRequest 数据结构。<strong>init</strong>() 方法先调用了 Request 的<strong>init</strong>() 方法，然后加入额外的几个参数，定义为 callback、need_proxy、fail_time、timeout，分别代表回调函数、是否需要代理爬取、失败次数、超时时间。 我们就可以将 WeixinRequest 作为一个整体来执行，一个个 WeixinRequest 对象都是独立的，每个请求都有自己的属性。例如，我们可以调用它的 callback，就可以知道这个请求的响应应该用什么方法来处理，调用 fail_time 就可以知道这个请求失败了多少次，判断失败次数是不是到了阈值，该不该丢弃这个请求。这里我们采用了面向对象的一些思想。</p>
                <h3 id="5-实现请求队列"><a href="#5-实现请求队列" class="headerlink" title="5. 实现请求队列"></a>5. 实现请求队列</h3>
                <p>接下来我们就需要构造请求队列，实现请求的存取。存取无非就是两个操作，一个是放，一个是取，所以这里利用 Redis 的 rpush() 和 lpop() 方法即可。 另外还需要注意，存取不能直接存 Request 对象，Redis 里面存的是字符串。所以在存 Request 对象之前我们先把它序列化，取出来的时候再将其反序列化，这个过程可以利用 pickle 模块实现。</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pickle <span class="keyword">import</span> dumps, loads</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> request <span class="keyword">import</span> WeixinRequest</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">RedisQueue</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""初始化 Redis"""</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.db = StrictRedis(host=REDIS_HOST, port=REDIS_PORT, password=REDIS_PASSWORD)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">add</span><span class="params">(self, request)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        向队列添加序列化后的 Request</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param request: 请求对象</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param fail_time: 失败次数</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 添加结果</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> isinstance(request, WeixinRequest):</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> self.db.rpush(REDIS_KEY, dumps(request))</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">False</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">pop</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        取出下一个 Request 并反序列化</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: Request or None</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> self.db.llen(REDIS_KEY):</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> loads(self.db.lpop(REDIS_KEY))</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">False</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">empty</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> self.db.llen(REDIS_KEY) == <span class="number">0</span></span><br></pre>
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                <p>这里实现了一个 RedisQueue，它的 <strong>init</strong>() 构造方法里面初始化了一个 StrictRedis 对象。随后实现了 add() 方法，首先判断 Request 的类型，如果是 WeixinRequest，那么就把程序就会用 pickle 的 dumps() 方法序列化，然后再调用 rpush() 方法加入队列。pop() 方法则相反，调用 lpop() 方法将请求从队列取出，然后再用 pickle 的 loads() 方法将其转为 WeixinRequest 对象。另外，empty() 方法返回队列是否为空，只需要判断队列长度是否为 0 即可。 在调度的时候，我们只需要新建一个 RedisQueue 对象，然后调用 add() 方法，传入 WeixinRequest 对象，即可将 WeixinRequest 加入队列，调用 pop() 方法，即可取出下一个 WeixinRequest 对象，非常简单易用。</p>
                <h3 id="6-修改代理池"><a href="#6-修改代理池" class="headerlink" title="6. 修改代理池"></a>6. 修改代理池</h3>
                <p>接下来我们要生成请求并开始爬取。在此之前还需要做一件事，那就是先找一些可用代理。 之前代理池检测的 URL 并不是搜狗微信站点，所以我们需要将代理池检测的 URL 修改成搜狗微信站点，以便于把被搜狗微信站点封禁的代理剔除掉，留下可用代理。 现在将代理池的设置文件中的 TEST_URL 修改一下，如 <a href="http://weixin.sogou.com/weixin?type=2&amp;amp" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://weixin.sogou.com/weixin?type=2&amp;amp</a>; query=nba，被本站点封的代理就会减分，正常请求的代理就会赋值为 100，最后留下的就是可用代理。 修改之后将获取模块、检测模块、接口模块的开关都设置为 True，让代理池运行一会，如图 9-26 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-060026.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-26 代理池运行结果 这样，数据库中留下的 100 分的代理就是针对搜狗微信的可用代理了，如图 9-27 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-060049.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-27 可用代理列表 同时访问代理接口，接口设置为 5555，访问 <a href="http://127.0.0.1:5555/random，即可获取到随机可用代理，如图" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://127.0.0.1:5555/random，即可获取到随机可用代理，如图</a> 9-28 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-060055.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-28 代理接口 再定义一个函数来获取随机代理：</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">PROXY_POOL_URL = <span class="string">'http://127.0.0.1:5555/random'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_proxy</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    从代理池获取代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">        response = requests.get(PROXY_POOL_URL)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> response.status_code == <span class="number">200</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'Get Proxy'</span>, response.text)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> response.text</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">None</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">except</span> requests.ConnectionError:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">None</span></span><br></pre>
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                <h3 id="7-第一个请求"><a href="#7-第一个请求" class="headerlink" title="7. 第一个请求"></a>7. 第一个请求</h3>
                <p>一切准备工作都做好，下面我们就可以构造第一个请求放到队列里以供调度了。定义一个 Spider 类，实现 start() 方法的代码如下：</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests <span class="keyword">import</span> Session</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> db <span class="keyword">import</span> RedisQueue</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> request <span class="keyword">import</span> WeixinRequest</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib.parse <span class="keyword">import</span> urlencode</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Spider</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    base_url = <span class="string">'http://weixin.sogou.com/weixin'</span></span><br><span class="line">    keyword = <span class="string">'NBA'</span></span><br><span class="line">    headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Accept'</span>: <span class="string">'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Accept-Encoding'</span>: <span class="string">'gzip, deflate'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Accept-Language'</span>: <span class="string">'zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en;q=0.6,ja;q=0.4,zh-TW;q=0.2,mt;q=0.2'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Cache-Control'</span>: <span class="string">'max-age=0'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Connection'</span>: <span class="string">'keep-alive'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Cookie'</span>: <span class="string">'IPLOC=CN1100; SUID=6FEDCF3C541C940A000000005968CF55; SUV=1500041046435211; ABTEST=0|1500041048|v1; SNUID=CEA85AE02A2F7E6EAFF9C1FE2ABEBE6F; weixinIndexVisited=1; JSESSIONID=aaar_m7LEIW-jg_gikPZv; ld=Wkllllllll2BzGMVlllllVOo8cUlllll5G@HbZllll9lllllRklll5@@@@@@@@@@'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Host'</span>: <span class="string">'weixin.sogou.com'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests'</span>: <span class="string">'1'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.115 Safari/537.36'</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    session = Session()</span><br><span class="line">    queue = RedisQueue()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">start</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""初始化工作"""</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 全局更新 Headers</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.session.headers.update(self.headers)</span><br><span class="line">        start_url = self.base_url + <span class="string">'?'</span> + urlencode(&#123;<span class="string">'query'</span>: self.keyword, <span class="string">'type'</span>: <span class="number">2</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">        weixin_request = WeixinRequest(url=start_url, callback=self.parse_index, need_proxy=<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 调度第一个请求</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.queue.add(weixin_request)</span><br></pre>
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                </figure>
                <p>这里定义了 Spider 类，设置了很多全局变量，比如 keyword 设置为 NBA，headers 就是请求头。在浏览器里登录账号，然后在开发者工具里将请求头复制出来，记得带上 Cookie 字段，这样才能爬取 100 页的内容。然后初始化了 Session 和 RedisQueue 对象，它们分别用来执行请求和存储请求。 首先，start() 方法全局更新了 headers，使得所有请求都能应用 Cookies。然后构造了一个起始 URL：<a href="http://weixin.sogou.com/weixin?type=2&amp;query=NBA，随后用改" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://weixin.sogou.com/weixin?type=2&amp;query=NBA，随后用改</a> URL 构造了一个 WeixinRequest 对象。回调函数是 Spider 类的 parse_index() 方法，也就是当这个请求成功之后就用 parse_index() 来处理和解析。need_proxy 参数设置为 True，代表执行这个请求需要用到代理。随后我们调用了 RedisQueue 的 add() 方法，将这个请求加入队列，等待调度。</p>
                <h3 id="8-调度请求"><a href="#8-调度请求" class="headerlink" title="8. 调度请求"></a>8. 调度请求</h3>
                <p>加入第一个请求之后，调度开始了。我们首先从队列中取出这个请求，将它的结果解析出来，生成新的请求加入队列，然后拿出新的请求，将结果解析，再生成新的请求加入队列，这样循环往复执行，直到队列中没有请求，则代表爬取结束。我们用代码实现如下：</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">VALID_STATUSES = [<span class="number">200</span>]</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def schedule(<span class="keyword">self</span>):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">""</span><span class="string">"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    调度请求</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    "</span><span class="string">""</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">while</span> not <span class="keyword">self</span>.queue.<span class="keyword">empty</span>():</span><br><span class="line">        weixin_request = <span class="keyword">self</span>.queue.pop()</span><br><span class="line">        callback = weixin_request.callback</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'Schedule'</span>, weixin_request.url)</span><br><span class="line">        response = <span class="keyword">self</span>.request(weixin_request)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> response <span class="keyword">and</span> response.status_code in VALID_STATUSES:</span><br><span class="line">            results = <span class="keyword">list</span>(callback(response))</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> results:</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">for</span> result in results:</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="keyword">print</span>(<span class="string">'New Result'</span>, result)</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="keyword">if</span> isinstance(result, WeixinRequest):</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="keyword">self</span>.queue.add(result)</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="keyword">if</span> isinstance(result, dict):</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="keyword">self</span>.mysql.insert(<span class="string">'articles'</span>, result)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">self</span>.error(weixin_request)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">self</span>.error(weixin_request)</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>在这里实现了一个 schedule() 方法，其内部是一个循环，循环的判断是队列不为空。 当队列不为空时，调用 pop() 方法取出下一个请求，调用 request() 方法执行这个请求，request() 方法的实现如下：</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests import ReadTimeout, ConnectionError</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">def request(self, weixin_request):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">""</span><span class="string">"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    执行请求</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :param weixin_request: 请求</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :return: 响应</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    "</span><span class="string">""</span></span><br><span class="line">    try:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> weixin_request.need_proxy:</span><br><span class="line">           <span class="built_in"> proxy </span>= get_proxy()</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> proxy:</span><br><span class="line">                proxies = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="string">'http'</span>: <span class="string">'http://'</span> + proxy,</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="string">'https'</span>: <span class="string">'https://'</span> + proxy</span><br><span class="line">                &#125;</span><br><span class="line">                return self.session.send(weixin_request.prepare(),</span><br><span class="line">                                         <span class="attribute">timeout</span>=weixin_request.timeout, <span class="attribute">allow_redirects</span>=<span class="literal">False</span>, <span class="attribute">proxies</span>=proxies)</span><br><span class="line">        return self.session.send(weixin_request.prepare(), <span class="attribute">timeout</span>=weixin_request.timeout, <span class="attribute">allow_redirects</span>=<span class="literal">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    except (ConnectionError, ReadTimeout) as e:</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="builtin-name">print</span>(e.args)</span><br><span class="line">        return <span class="literal">False</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
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                </figure>
                <p>这里首先判断这个请求是否需要代理，如果需要代理，则调用 get_proxy() 方法获取代理，然后调用 Session 的 send() 方法执行这个请求。这里的请求调用了 prepare() 方法转化为 Prepared Request，具体的用法可以参考 <a href="http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/advanced/#prepared-requests，同时设置" target="_blank" rel="noopener">http://docs.python-requests.org/en/master/user/advanced/#prepared-requests，同时设置</a> allow_redirects 为 False，timeout 是该请求的超时时间，最后响应返回。 执行 request() 方法之后会得到两种结果：一种是 False，即请求失败，连接错误；另一种是 Response 对象，还需要判断状态码，如果状态码合法，那么就进行解析，否则重新将请求加回队列。 如果状态码合法，解析的时候就会调用 WeixinRequest 的回调函数进行解析。比如这里的回调函数是 parse_index()，其实现如下：</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyquery <span class="keyword">import</span> PyQuery <span class="keyword">as</span> pq</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">parse_index</span><span class="params">(self, response)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    解析索引页</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :param response: 响应</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :return: 新的响应</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line">    doc = pq(response.text)</span><br><span class="line">    items = doc(<span class="string">'.news-box .news-list li .txt-box h3 a'</span>).items()</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">for</span> item <span class="keyword">in</span> items:</span><br><span class="line">        url = item.attr(<span class="string">'href'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        weixin_request = WeixinRequest(url=url, callback=self.parse_detail)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> weixin_request</span><br><span class="line">    next = doc(<span class="string">'#sogou_next'</span>).attr(<span class="string">'href'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="keyword">if</span> next:</span><br><span class="line">        url = self.base_url + str(next)</span><br><span class="line">        weixin_request = WeixinRequest(url=url, callback=self.parse_index, need_proxy=<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> weixin_request</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>此方法做了两件事：一件事就是获取本页的所有微信文章链接，另一件事就是获取下一页的链接，再构造成 WeixinRequest 之后 yield 返回。 然后，schedule() 方法将返回的结果进行遍历，利用 isinstance() 方法判断返回结果，如果返回结果是 WeixinRequest，就将其重新加入队列。 至此，第一次循环结束。 这时 while 循环会继续执行。队列已经包含第一页内容的文章详情页请求和下一页的请求，所以第二次循环得到的下一个请求就是文章详情页的请求，程序重新调用 request() 方法获取其响应，然后调用其对应的回调函数解析。这时详情页请求的回调方法就不同了，这次是 parse_detail() 方法，此方法实现如下：</p>
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                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">def parse<span class="number">_</span>detail(self, response):</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    解析详情页</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :param response: 响应</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    :return: 微信公众号文章</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">    """</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="meta">doc</span> = pq(response.text)</span><br><span class="line">    data = &#123;<span class="string">'title'</span>: <span class="meta">doc</span>(<span class="string">'.rich_media_title'</span>).text(),</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'content'</span>: <span class="meta">doc</span>(<span class="string">'.rich_media_content'</span>).text(),</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'date'</span>: <span class="meta">doc</span>(<span class="string">'#post-date'</span>).text(),</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'nickname'</span>: <span class="meta">doc</span>(<span class="string">'#js_profile_qrcode&gt; div &gt; strong'</span>).text(),</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'wechat'</span>: <span class="meta">doc</span>(<span class="string">'#js_profile_qrcode&gt; div &gt; p:nth-child(3) &gt; span'</span>).text()&#125;</span><br><span class="line">    yield data</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
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                </figure>
                <p>这个方法解析了微信文章详情页的内容，提取出它的标题、正文文本、发布日期、发布人昵称、微信公众号名称，将这些信息组合成一个字典返回。 结果返回之后还需要判断类型，如是字典类型，程序就调用 mysql 对象的 insert() 方法将数据存入数据库。 这样，第二次循环执行完毕。 第三次循环、第四次循环，循环往复，每个请求都有各自的回调函数，索引页解析完毕之后会继续生成后续请求，详情页解析完毕之后会返回结果以便存储，直到爬取完毕。 现在，整个调度就完成了。 我们完善一下整个 Spider 代码，实现如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
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                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br><span class="line">42</span><br><span class="line">43</span><br><span class="line">44</span><br><span class="line">45</span><br><span class="line">46</span><br><span class="line">47</span><br><span class="line">48</span><br><span class="line">49</span><br><span class="line">50</span><br><span class="line">51</span><br><span class="line">52</span><br><span class="line">53</span><br><span class="line">54</span><br><span class="line">55</span><br><span class="line">56</span><br><span class="line">57</span><br><span class="line">58</span><br><span class="line">59</span><br><span class="line">60</span><br><span class="line">61</span><br><span class="line">62</span><br><span class="line">63</span><br><span class="line">64</span><br><span class="line">65</span><br><span class="line">66</span><br><span class="line">67</span><br><span class="line">68</span><br><span class="line">69</span><br><span class="line">70</span><br><span class="line">71</span><br><span class="line">72</span><br><span class="line">73</span><br><span class="line">74</span><br><span class="line">75</span><br><span class="line">76</span><br><span class="line">77</span><br><span class="line">78</span><br><span class="line">79</span><br><span class="line">80</span><br><span class="line">81</span><br><span class="line">82</span><br><span class="line">83</span><br><span class="line">84</span><br><span class="line">85</span><br><span class="line">86</span><br><span class="line">87</span><br><span class="line">88</span><br><span class="line">89</span><br><span class="line">90</span><br><span class="line">91</span><br><span class="line">92</span><br><span class="line">93</span><br><span class="line">94</span><br><span class="line">95</span><br><span class="line">96</span><br><span class="line">97</span><br><span class="line">98</span><br><span class="line">99</span><br><span class="line">100</span><br><span class="line">101</span><br><span class="line">102</span><br><span class="line">103</span><br><span class="line">104</span><br><span class="line">105</span><br><span class="line">106</span><br><span class="line">107</span><br><span class="line">108</span><br><span class="line">109</span><br><span class="line">110</span><br><span class="line">111</span><br><span class="line">112</span><br><span class="line">113</span><br><span class="line">114</span><br><span class="line">115</span><br><span class="line">116</span><br><span class="line">117</span><br><span class="line">118</span><br><span class="line">119</span><br><span class="line">120</span><br><span class="line">121</span><br><span class="line">122</span><br><span class="line">123</span><br><span class="line">124</span><br><span class="line">125</span><br><span class="line">126</span><br><span class="line">127</span><br><span class="line">128</span><br><span class="line">129</span><br><span class="line">130</span><br><span class="line">131</span><br><span class="line">132</span><br><span class="line">133</span><br><span class="line">134</span><br><span class="line">135</span><br><span class="line">136</span><br><span class="line">137</span><br><span class="line">138</span><br><span class="line">139</span><br><span class="line">140</span><br><span class="line">141</span><br><span class="line">142</span><br><span class="line">143</span><br><span class="line">144</span><br><span class="line">145</span><br><span class="line">146</span><br><span class="line">147</span><br><span class="line">148</span><br><span class="line">149</span><br><span class="line">150</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests <span class="keyword">import</span> Session</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> config <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> db <span class="keyword">import</span> RedisQueue</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> mysql <span class="keyword">import</span> MySQL</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> request <span class="keyword">import</span> WeixinRequest</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> urllib.parse <span class="keyword">import</span> urlencode</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> requests</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> pyquery <span class="keyword">import</span> PyQuery <span class="keyword">as</span> pq</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> requests <span class="keyword">import</span> ReadTimeout, ConnectionError</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">Spider</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    base_url = <span class="string">'http://weixin.sogou.com/weixin'</span></span><br><span class="line">    keyword = <span class="string">'NBA'</span></span><br><span class="line">    headers = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Accept'</span>: <span class="string">'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Accept-Encoding'</span>: <span class="string">'gzip, deflate'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Accept-Language'</span>: <span class="string">'zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en;q=0.6,ja;q=0.4,zh-TW;q=0.2,mt;q=0.2'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Cache-Control'</span>: <span class="string">'max-age=0'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Connection'</span>: <span class="string">'keep-alive'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Cookie'</span>: <span class="string">'IPLOC=CN1100; SUID=6FEDCF3C541C940A000000005968CF55; SUV=1500041046435211; ABTEST=0|1500041048|v1; SNUID=CEA85AE02A2F7E6EAFF9C1FE2ABEBE6F; weixinIndexVisited=1; JSESSIONID=aaar_m7LEIW-jg_gikPZv; ld=Wkllllllll2BzGMVlllllVOo8cUlllll5G@HbZllll9lllllRklll5@@@@@@@@@@'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Host'</span>: <span class="string">'weixin.sogou.com'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'Upgrade-Insecure-Requests'</span>: <span class="string">'1'</span>,</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">'User-Agent'</span>: <span class="string">'Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_12_3) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/59.0.3071.115 Safari/537.36'</span></span><br><span class="line">    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">    session = Session()</span><br><span class="line">    queue = RedisQueue()</span><br><span class="line">    mysql = MySQL()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">get_proxy</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        从代理池获取代理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            response = requests.get(PROXY_POOL_URL)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> response.status_code == <span class="number">200</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                print(<span class="string">'Get Proxy'</span>, response.text)</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">return</span> response.text</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">None</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">except</span> requests.ConnectionError:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">None</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">start</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""初始化工作"""</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 全局更新 Headers</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.session.headers.update(self.headers)</span><br><span class="line">        start_url = self.base_url + <span class="string">'?'</span> + urlencode(&#123;<span class="string">'query'</span>: self.keyword, <span class="string">'type'</span>: <span class="number">2</span>&#125;)</span><br><span class="line">        weixin_request = WeixinRequest(url=start_url, callback=self.parse_index, need_proxy=<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="comment"># 调度第一个请求</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.queue.add(weixin_request)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">parse_index</span><span class="params">(self, response)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        解析索引页</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param response: 响应</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 新的响应</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        doc = pq(response.text)</span><br><span class="line">        items = doc(<span class="string">'.news-box .news-list li .txt-box h3 a'</span>).items()</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">for</span> item <span class="keyword">in</span> items:</span><br><span class="line">            url = item.attr(<span class="string">'href'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            weixin_request = WeixinRequest(url=url, callback=self.parse_detail)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">yield</span> weixin_request</span><br><span class="line">        next = doc(<span class="string">'#sogou_next'</span>).attr(<span class="string">'href'</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> next:</span><br><span class="line">            url = self.base_url + str(next)</span><br><span class="line">            weixin_request = WeixinRequest(url=url, callback=self.parse_index, need_proxy=<span class="literal">True</span>)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">yield</span> weixin_request</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">parse_detail</span><span class="params">(self, response)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        解析详情页</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param response: 响应</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 微信公众号文章</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        doc = pq(response.text)</span><br><span class="line">        data = &#123;<span class="string">'title'</span>: doc(<span class="string">'.rich_media_title'</span>).text(),</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'content'</span>: doc(<span class="string">'.rich_media_content'</span>).text(),</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'date'</span>: doc(<span class="string">'#post-date'</span>).text(),</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'nickname'</span>: doc(<span class="string">'#js_profile_qrcode&gt; div &gt; strong'</span>).text(),</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="string">'wechat'</span>: doc(<span class="string">'#js_profile_qrcode&gt; div &gt; p:nth-child(3) &gt; span'</span>).text()&#125;</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">yield</span> data</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">request</span><span class="params">(self, weixin_request)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        执行请求</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param weixin_request: 请求</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return: 响应</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> weixin_request.need_proxy:</span><br><span class="line">                proxy = self.get_proxy()</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">if</span> proxy:</span><br><span class="line">                    proxies = &#123;</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="string">'http'</span>: <span class="string">'http://'</span> + proxy,</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="string">'https'</span>: <span class="string">'https://'</span> + proxy</span><br><span class="line">                    &#125;</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="keyword">return</span> self.session.send(weixin_request.prepare(),</span><br><span class="line">                                             timeout=weixin_request.timeout, allow_redirects=<span class="literal">False</span>, proxies=proxies)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> self.session.send(weixin_request.prepare(), timeout=weixin_request.timeout, allow_redirects=<span class="literal">False</span>)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">except</span> (ConnectionError, ReadTimeout) <span class="keyword">as</span> e:</span><br><span class="line">            print(e.args)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">return</span> <span class="literal">False</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">error</span><span class="params">(self, weixin_request)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        错误处理</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param weixin_request: 请求</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        weixin_request.fail_time = weixin_request.fail_time + <span class="number">1</span></span><br><span class="line">        print(<span class="string">'Request Failed'</span>, weixin_request.fail_time, <span class="string">'Times'</span>, weixin_request.url)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">if</span> weixin_request.fail_time &lt; MAX_FAILED_TIME:</span><br><span class="line">            self.queue.add(weixin_request)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">schedule</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        调度请求</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">while</span> <span class="keyword">not</span> self.queue.empty():</span><br><span class="line">            weixin_request = self.queue.pop()</span><br><span class="line">            callback = weixin_request.callback</span><br><span class="line">            print(<span class="string">'Schedule'</span>, weixin_request.url)</span><br><span class="line">            response = self.request(weixin_request)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">if</span> response <span class="keyword">and</span> response.status_code <span class="keyword">in</span> VALID_STATUSES:</span><br><span class="line">                results = list(callback(response))</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">if</span> results:</span><br><span class="line">                    <span class="keyword">for</span> result <span class="keyword">in</span> results:</span><br><span class="line">                        print(<span class="string">'New Result'</span>, result)</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="keyword">if</span> isinstance(result, WeixinRequest):</span><br><span class="line">                            self.queue.add(result)</span><br><span class="line">                        <span class="keyword">if</span> isinstance(result, dict):</span><br><span class="line">                            self.mysql.insert(<span class="string">'articles'</span>, result)</span><br><span class="line">                <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                    self.error(weixin_request)</span><br><span class="line">            <span class="keyword">else</span>:</span><br><span class="line">                self.error(weixin_request)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">run</span><span class="params">(self)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        入口</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        self.start()</span><br><span class="line">        self.schedule()</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">if</span> __name__ == <span class="string">'__main__'</span>:</span><br><span class="line">    spider = Spider()</span><br><span class="line">    spider.run()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>最后，我们加了一个 run() 方法作为入口，启动的时候只需要执行 Spider 的 run() 方法即可。</p>
                <h3 id="9-MySQL-存储"><a href="#9-MySQL-存储" class="headerlink" title="9. MySQL 存储"></a>9. MySQL 存储</h3>
                <p>整个调度模块完成了，上面还没提及到的就是存储模块，在这里还需要定义一个 MySQL 类供存储数据，实现如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight python">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br><span class="line">27</span><br><span class="line">28</span><br><span class="line">29</span><br><span class="line">30</span><br><span class="line">31</span><br><span class="line">32</span><br><span class="line">33</span><br><span class="line">34</span><br><span class="line">35</span><br><span class="line">36</span><br><span class="line">37</span><br><span class="line">38</span><br><span class="line">39</span><br><span class="line">40</span><br><span class="line">41</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">REDIS_HOST = <span class="string">'localhost'</span></span><br><span class="line">REDIS_PORT = <span class="number">6379</span></span><br><span class="line">REDIS_PASSWORD = <span class="string">'foobared'</span></span><br><span class="line">REDIS_KEY = <span class="string">'weixin'</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">import</span> pymysql</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">from</span> config <span class="keyword">import</span> *</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> <span class="title">MySQL</span><span class="params">()</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">__init__</span><span class="params">(self, host=MYSQL_HOST, username=MYSQL_USER, password=MYSQL_PASSWORD, port=MYSQL_PORT,</span></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="function"><span class="params">                 database=MYSQL_DATABASE)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        MySQL 初始化</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param host:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param username:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param password:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param port:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param database:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            self.db = pymysql.connect(host, username, password, database, charset=<span class="string">'utf8'</span>, port=port)</span><br><span class="line">            self.cursor = self.db.cursor()</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">except</span> pymysql.MySQLError <span class="keyword">as</span> e:</span><br><span class="line">            print(e.args)</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">    <span class="function"><span class="keyword">def</span> <span class="title">insert</span><span class="params">(self, table, data)</span>:</span></span><br><span class="line">        <span class="string">"""</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        插入数据</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param table:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :param data:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        :return:</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">        """</span></span><br><span class="line">        keys = <span class="string">', '</span>.join(data.keys())</span><br><span class="line">        values = <span class="string">', '</span>.join([<span class="string">'% s'</span>] * len(data))</span><br><span class="line">        sql_query = <span class="string">'insert into % s (% s) values (% s)'</span> % (table, keys, values)</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">try</span>:</span><br><span class="line">            self.cursor.execute(sql_query, tuple(data.values()))</span><br><span class="line">            self.db.commit()</span><br><span class="line">        <span class="keyword">except</span> pymysql.MySQLError <span class="keyword">as</span> e:</span><br><span class="line">            print(e.args)</span><br><span class="line">            self.db.rollback()</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p><strong>init</strong>() 方法初始化了 MySQL 连接，需要 MySQL 的用户、密码、端口、数据库名等信息。数据库名为 weixin，需要自己创建。 insert() 方法传入表名和字典即可动态构造 SQL，在 5.2 节中也有讲到，SQL 构造之后执行即可插入数据。 我们还需要提前建立一个数据表，表名为 articles，建表的 SQL 语句如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sql">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="keyword">CREATE</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> <span class="string">`articles`</span> (<span class="string">`id`</span> <span class="built_in">int</span>(<span class="number">11</span>) <span class="keyword">NOT</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">`title`</span> <span class="built_in">varchar</span>(<span class="number">255</span>) <span class="keyword">NOT</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">`content`</span> <span class="built_in">text</span> <span class="keyword">NOT</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">`date`</span> <span class="built_in">varchar</span>(<span class="number">255</span>) <span class="keyword">NOT</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">`wechat`</span> <span class="built_in">varchar</span>(<span class="number">255</span>) <span class="keyword">NOT</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span>,</span><br><span class="line">  <span class="string">`nickname`</span> <span class="built_in">varchar</span>(<span class="number">255</span>) <span class="keyword">NOT</span> <span class="literal">NULL</span></span><br><span class="line">) <span class="keyword">DEFAULT</span> <span class="keyword">CHARSET</span>=utf8;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="keyword">ALTER</span> <span class="keyword">TABLE</span> <span class="string">`articles`</span> <span class="keyword">ADD</span> PRIMARY <span class="keyword">KEY</span> (<span class="string">`id`</span>);</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>现在，我们的整个爬虫就算完成了。</p>
                <h3 id="10-运行"><a href="#10-运行" class="headerlink" title="10. 运行"></a>10. 运行</h3>
                <p>示例运行结果如图 9-29 所示： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-060111.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-29 运行结果 程序首先调度了第一页结果对应的请求，获取了代理执行此请求，随后得到了 11 个新请求，请求都是 WeixinRequest 类型，将其再加入队列。随后继续调度新加入的请求，也就是文章详情页对应的请求，再执行，得到的就是文章详情对应的提取结果，提取结果是字典类型。 程序循环往复，不断爬取，直至所有结果爬取完毕，程序终止，爬取完成。 爬取结果如图 9-30 所示。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-10-20-060114.jpg" alt=""> 图 9-30 爬取结果 我们可以看到，相关微信文章都已被存储到数据库里了。</p>
                <h3 id="11-本节代码"><a href="#11-本节代码" class="headerlink" title="11. 本节代码"></a>11. 本节代码</h3>
                <p>本节代码地址为：<a href="https://github.com/Python3WebSpider/Weixin" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://github.com/Python3WebSpider/Weixin</a>，运行之前请先配置好代理池。</p>
                <h3 id="12-结语"><a href="#12-结语" class="headerlink" title="12. 结语"></a>12. 结语</h3>
                <p>以上内容便是使用代理爬取微信公众号文章的方法，涉及的新知识点不少，希望大家可以好好消化。</p>
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